how was agent orange shipped to vietnam

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During the Vietnam War, in an operation known as Operation Ranch Hand, approximately 20 million gallons of herbicides, including around 10.5 million gallons of dioxin-contaminated Agent Orange, were sprayed by 34 C-123 aircraft. The Effect on Soldiers. Open Journal of Soil Science , 2019; 09 (01): 1 DOI: 10.4236/ojss.2019.91001 Tags: Agent Orange . The Participatory Action Research approach allowed Agent Orange Victims (AOVs) and community members in Da Nang to tell their stories about how Agent Orange and dioxin have affected their lives, psychology, families, and communities. Marjorie Taylor Greene pilloried after endorsing secession for towns and counties, Trump has a 5-point attack plan designed to annihilate DeSantis as a presidential candidate: report, 'How confident your stupidity is': Lauren Boebert lampooned for posting crudely-cropped US map, Former RNC head offers stinging words of advice for 'crazy fool' Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene, 'The maths are hard': Marjorie Taylor Greene mocked for not understanding what 'seized' means. During the Vietnam War, in an operation known as "Operation Ranch Hand," approximately 20 million gallons of herbicides, including around 10.5 million gallons of dioxin-contaminated Agent Orange, were sprayed by 34 C-123 aircraft. It is a mixture of two common herbicides (2,4-D and 2,4,5-T ) that were used separately in the United States since the late 1940s. To do so would set an unwelcome precedent: Despite official denials, the U.S. and its allies, including Israel, have been accused of using chemical weapons in conflicts in Gaza, Iraq and Syria. Check out our private motorbike tours with professional local guides forfun and insightfultrips in Ho Chi Minh City! In the United States alone, a ProPublica analysis suggests, a child born to a veteran exposed to Agent Orange was a third more likely to be born with a birth defect. However, dioxin buried or leached under the surface or deep in the sediment of rivers and other bodies of water can have a half-life of more than 100 years". Check out the ideal itinerary in Ho Chi Minh City that offers great insights into Vietnam culture and history. Following the discovery of the army report, 10 former service members wrote a letter to the U.S. Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs demanding a full investigation into the militarys use of Agent Orange on Okinawa. In parts of central and southern Vietnam that were already exposed to environmental hazards such as frequent typhoons and flooding in low-lying areas and droughts and water scarcity in the highlands and Mekong Delta, herbicide spraying led to nutrient loss in the soil. More than 20,000 towns and up to 4.8 million people lay within spraying regions. ), Legacy of Agent Orange in Da Nang, Vietnam. Vietnamese refugees have also reported having suffered from frequent pain in the eyes, skin, stomach upsets, incessant fatigue, miscarriages, and even monstrous births. Revealed: How Agent Orange Was Stored at the U.S. Military Base on Okinawa. The U.S. and Vietnam are also undertaking a joint remediation program to deal with dioxin-contaminated soil and water. @2022 - AlterNet Media Inc. All Rights Reserved. More than 40 years on, the impact on their health has been staggering. Such color-coding was meant as a convenient substitution for the more complicated chemical names and stemmed from the color of the 55-gallon drums that contained the respective herbicides. The issue was re-ignited after the Sunday News quoted Government minister and New Plymouth MP Harry Duynhoven saying he had information the ingredients of Agent Orange were shipped from. The timeframe covered by the recently discovered report suggests that the barrels were a part of Operation Red Hatthe militarys 1971 operation to remove its 12,000-ton store of chemical weapons (including mustard gas, VX, and sarin) from Okinawa in preparation for the islands reversion to Japanese control the following year. From this operation, the term ecocide (Zierler, 2011) was born to denounce the environmental destructions and potential damage. Brother Nam assured readers that herbicides were safe. The chemicals, in fact, have no color as their names might have mistakenly suggested. Frank Coleman is a Vietnam veteran dying from cancer brought on by exposure to the defoliant chemical Agent Orange which he turns to Maude DeVictor, a Veterans Administration benefits counselor who teams up with Coleman to fight a lopsided batted against the bureaucratic system f. Read all Director Lamont Johnson Writers Stephen Doran (story) Agent Orange is a mixture of herbicides used during the Vietnam War by the U.S. military to defoliate forests and clear other vegetation. The Burns and Novick documentary could have finally raised this uncomfortable truth, but, alas, the directors missed their chance. - U.S. veterans were also exposed to the herbicide. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. And a large part of that devastation comes from a type of defoliant called Agent Orange. During the 10-year campaign, U.S. aircraft targeted 4.5 million acres across 30 different provinces in the area below the 17th parallel and in the Mekong Delta, destroying inland hardwood forests and coastal mangrove swamps as they sprayed. If youre interested in Vietnam History and planning a visit to our country, you might not want to miss out on this museum in your itinerary - Ho Chi Minh City War Remnants Museum. "After President Nixon ordered the U.S. military to stop spraying Agent Orange in 1970, this is the site where all the Agent Orange barrels remaining in Vietnam were collected. From 2005 to 2015, more than 200,000 Vietnamese victimssuffering from 17 diseases linked to cancers, diabetes and birth defects were eligible for limited compensation, via a government program. Some of these vulnerable areas also happen to be very poor and, these days, home to a large number of Agent Orange victims. But then the children were born. The companies could have used fewer or no dioxins in their products, but they failed to do so. Should Trump be allowed to hold office again? Chapter 1 discusses the researcher's relationship with the topic and outlines the research procedures. The VA estimates that as many as 2.8 million Vietnam veterans could have been exposed to Agent Orange while between 2.1 and 4.5 million Vietnamese civilians may have been affected by exposure. Agent Orange is a blend of tactical herbicides the U.S. military sprayed from 1962 to 1971 during Operation Ranch Hand in the Vietnam War to remove trees and dense tropical foliage that provided enemy cover. -The Dioxin is the deadly toxin in Agent Orange. Many American victims have had better luck, though, seeing successful multi-million-dollar class action settlements with manufacturers of the chemical, including Dow, in 1984 and 2012. In 2004 the Vietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin (VAVA) filed a lawsuit in the New York court against the companies for liability and claimed the violation of international protocols and conventions. This story was co-authored by Hang Thai T.M., a research assistant at the Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, in Hanoi. Today, Agent Orange has become a contentious legal and political issue, both within Vietnam and internationally. Surviving Vietnam veterans in the United States, after many years of organized action, have finally achieved compensation from U.S government. Agent Orange is one of the six types of Rainbow Herbicides, a group of chemicals meant to kills plants, trees, and crops. This dispersion of Agent Orange over a vast area of central and south Vietnam poisoned the soil, river systems, lakes and rice paddies of Vietnam, enabling toxic chemicals to enter the food chain. More than 10 years of U.S. chemical warfare in Vietnam exposed an estimated 2.1 to 4.8 million Vietnamese people to Agent Orange. Chapter 6 reports on recent dioxin levels found in human tissues, soil, and fish samples in and around Da Nang Airport. The barrels were processed and shipped to Johnston Island in the Pacific Ocean, where they were incinerated at sea in 1977." These include Agent White, Agent Blue, Agent Pink, and Agent Green, among others. In the end, the military campaign was called Operation Ranch Hand, but it originally went by a more appropriately hellish appellation: Operation Hades. And in Vietnam, people who lived beneath the rain of rainbow chemicals have experienced generations of health effects. This, in turn, has caused erosion, compromising forests in 28 river basins. Heather Bowser, a second-generation Agent Orange victim whose father, Bill Morris, was a U.S. soldier in the Vietnam war, walks at the Friendship Village, a hospice for Agent Orange victims . Juridical relevant texts related to the conflict (laws, legislations, EIAs, etc), References to published books, academic articles, movies or published documentaries, Related media links to videos, campaigns, social network. Chapter 1 discusses the researchers relationship with the topic and outlines the research procedures. US soldiers in the barren landscape of Phu Loc, South Vietnam. Da Nang International Airport was a former U.S. base that stored and distributed American-made herbicides during the Vietnam War. It was used to push enemy troops out of the jungles, forcing them to fight out in the open. All but three of the aircraft were smelted down in 2009.The Air Force and Department of Veterans Affairs have previously denied benefits to these crew members. The. Their names matched the color of the stripe on the 55 gallon barrels it was shipped in. Find more hotels to stay in Vietnam below: Ho Chi Minh Private Tours:Saigon Shore ExcursionsMotorbike City ToursSaigon Food Tours, i Tour Vietnam - Private Tours Ltd. Outside Vietnam +84 986188801Inside Vietnam 0986188801 (English)info@itourvn.com. While U.S. veterans have been compensated for their exposure to the herbicide mix since they filed a lawsuit in 1979, Vietnamese peoples efforts to secure similar compensation in a 2004 lawsuit was rejected by a U.S. court. Evidence pointed to secret sorties flown by Air America pilots. On 13 March 1989, the Vietnam Veterans Association sent a fax to the government stating they had evidence about the manufacture of Agent Orange in New Zealand in the late 1960s for use in Vietnam. In 2004, a Vietnamese group unsuccessfully attempted to sue some 30 companies, alleging that the use of chemical weapons constituted a war crime. -The use of the agent orange by the US Army in Vietnam was inspired in "The Malayan Emergency" when the British used herbicides and defoliants as an anti-guerrilla operation against the Malayan National Liberation Army (Malasia) between 1948-1960. Let a viet name take care of their own. "Food is a weapon", said Kissinger. American soldiers were told the chemicals were safe. Now, for the first time, a recently uncovered U.S. army report reveals that, during the Vietnam War, the United States stockpiled 25,000 barrels of Agent Orange on the Pacific island. In the early 1970s, the U.S. government banned the use of Agent Orange in Vietnam after scientific studies showed the dioxin-tainted herbicide posed a serious threat to human health. It is unlikely that the U.S. will admit liability for the horrors Agent Orange unleashed in Vietnam. A paymaster in the 716th military police battalion, his job was to travel the country in a small . Despite the difficulty of establishing conclusive proof that their claims were valid, in 1979 U.S. veterans brought a class-action lawsuit against seven herbicide makers that produced Agent Orange for the U.S. military. The term "Agent Orange" also refers to the multiple "rainbow" herbicides used by the U.S. More than 40 years on, the impact on their health has been staggering. Thanks to the associations proactivity, countless dioxin victims in Vietnam have received precious gifts that go beyond material values. By spraying Agent Orange, he thought he was helping the United States military bust through Vietnam's impenetrable jungles on the way to victory. Looking for a list of ships used by the Merchant Marines during the Vietnam war, specifically the ones that entered the inland waters that dropped off supplies. They were nicknamed according to the color on the barrels in which they were shipped. A young boy, who was born without eyes, at the Tu Du Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, home to dozens of children who suffer from severe mental and physical disabilities as results from their parents coming in contact with Agent Orange. I would love to make a charity trip to the Agent Orange villages. Its abundantly clear now that this is false. The Rainbow Herbicides, as they were known, were only used as weapons in the war for a little over a decade, but their consequences can still be felt today. After just one spray mission, over 10 to 20% of the forest canopy (taking up 40% to 60% of forest biomass) went dead (cited from Vietnam Science TV magazine). But then the children were born. U.S. companies, including Monsanto and Dow Chemical, have taken the position that the governments involved in the war are solely responsible for paying out damages to Agent Orange victims. U.S. propaganda about Agent Orange was so effective, it fooled American troops into thinking it was safe, too. When Tornoe heard that the military may have used the toxic weed killer Agent Orange to defoliate the canal zone she started digging. John Olin, the Florida-based researcher who discovered the 2003 army report, says he will keep investigating the militarys use of Agent Orange on Okinawa. By 1971, around 12% of its total area suffered from Rainbow Herbicides spraying; millions of hectares of forests (especially mangrove forests) and agricultural land were annihilated due to one-off or repetitive spray missions. The names derived from colour-coded bands painted around storage drums holding the herbicides. In Quang Ngai province (in the southern half of the central coast), for example, 85% of the croplands were demolished in 1970 alone. The estimated airborne contamination exceeded the only available (German) standard.Dr. The Aspen Istitute[click to view], Vietnam Association of Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin (VAVA)[click to view], The Struggle Continues: Seeking Compensation for Vietnamese Agent Orange Victims, 52 years on[click to view], Agent of suffering, The Guardian. Sept. 1, 2014 - PRLog -- When the United States began using Chemical Warfare in Vietnam, its stated goals were to defoliate jungle coverage to see the enemy and limit the enemy's food supply. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Dubbed 'Operation Ranch Hand,' millions of acres were being sprayed in Vietnam by the late 60s. Nearly 50 percent of the countrys mangroves, which protect shorelines from typhoons and tsunamis, were destroyed. Using a variety of defoliants, the U.S. military also intentionally targeted cultivated land, destroying crops and disrupting rice production and distribution by the largely communist National Liberation Front, a party devoted to reunification of North and South Vietnam. However, the dioxin (the main component) continues to have harmful impact (both humans and ecosystems) today and no compensation of the US government to Vietnamese victims has taken place. He concluded that the agent orange was not considered a poison under international law. American University in Vietnam students visited DAVA, the Da Nang Association for Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin. Aerial spraying in central and southern Vietnam. These accounts have caused alarm in Okinawa, where local residents have been urging the authorities to conduct environmental tests within the bases where U.S. veterans allege Agent Orange was stored. The US has agreed for the first time to help towards cleaning up a site in Vietnam which stored Agent Orange and other chemicals during the Vietnam war. A Government Minister says that New Zealand supplied Agent Orange chemicals to the United States military during the Vietnam War. Contradicting decades of denial by Washington, the report is the first direct admission by the U.S. military that it stored these poisons on Okinawa. The army report, published in 2003 but only recently discovered, is titled An Ecological Assessment of Johnston Atoll. Outlining the militarys efforts to clean up the tiny island that the United States used throughout the Cold War to store and dispose of its stockpiles of biochemical weapons, the report states directly, In 1972, the U.S. Air Force brought about 25,000 55-gallon (208 liter) drums of the chemical Herbicide Orange (HO) to Johnston Island that originated from Vietnam and was stored on Okinawa.. However, it was surely inevitable that Vietnamese civilians had to bear the brunt. Copyright 2023 Center for the National Interest All Rights Reserved, exhaustive Vietnam War documentary series, sometimes showered in the empty 55-gallon drums, protect shorelines from typhoons and tsunamis, informed the U.S. military that Agent Orange was toxic, alleging that the use of chemical weapons constituted a war crime. On leaf and soil surfaces it will last 13 years, depending on conditions. Agent Blue, an arsenic-based herbicide, is becoming known . The Participatory Action Research approach allowed Agent Orange Victims (AOVs) and community members in Da Nang to tell their stories about how Agent Orange and dioxin have affected their lives, psychology, families, and communities. As a result of herbicide spraying, watershed forests of over 28 major rivers suffered serious damage, according to Vietnam Environment Administration Magazine; their flood-preventing capability has dwindled considerably; numerous animal and plant species have gone extinct. In addition to being a highly effective at killing plants, it has turned out to have a number of alarming health effects that have made it into a very controversial subject. This is one of the greatest legacies of the countrys 20-year war, but is yet to be honestly confronted. The wry sarcasm of the phrase sums up the irony of the mission. (Credit: Gary Mangkorn/AP/REX/Shutterstock). Here's What You Need To Remember:The consequences of the defoliant have been toxic for Vietnam. No such plan is in store in Vietnam. Read more here. The Korean War Project, an organization that has its office in Dallas, Texas, has been raising the issue of Agent Orange, which the U.S. used in the Vietnam War, for about 10 years. Dioxin can have devastating, lethal effects on human health, and on top of that, it is hereditary. Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare or Geneva Protocol[click to view], Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 (first formal statements of the laws of war and war crimes in the body of secular international law), Peter Sills (2014) Toxic War: The Story of Agent Orange, David Zierler (2011) The Invention of Ecocide: Agent Orange, Vietnam, and the Scientists Who Changed the Way We Think About the Environment, Vietnamese Victims of Agent Orange and U.S.-Vietnam Relations[click to view], Vietnams horrific legacy: The children of Agent Orange[click to view], What is Agent Orange? It may be to your surprise, but the devastating effects of the Vietnam War continue to torture many Vietnamese both physically and mentally long after its end in 1975. During the past year and a half, dozens of U.S. veterans have spoken out about the use, storage, and disposal of Agent Orange on Okinawa during the 1960s and 70s. Over the years, there have been both American and Vietnamese plaintiffs in Agent Orange court cases in the United States. Starting in 1968, herbicides to be shipped to Vietnam were stored at the Seabees base in Gulfport, MS. During Hurricane Camille in 1969, 1,400 barrels of Agent Orange and Agent Blue were blown into the water; up to 240 barrels were never recovered. Learn more at erinblakemore.com. Moreabout usor visit home page, Check out the necessary information for traveling to Vietnam, Airport Arrival Tips at Tan Son Nhat International Airport (Ho Chi Minh), Airport Arrival Tips at Noi Bai International Airport (Hanoi). South Vietnam was the main suffering region. In the background of the shots, there is a large stack of barrels. However, it was surely inevitable that Vietnamese civilians had to bear the brunt. US Agency for International Development (USAID) responded to requests from Vietnam in agreeing to send the US$3 million aid package approved by US Government to assist AO/dioxin programs in Vietnam, part of the sum to be spent on improving the health of residents in dioxin-affected areas in Da Nang and on dealing with dioxin contamination at Da Nang airbase. The legacy of the defoliant will outlast its immediate victims, said Kaderlik. Specific impacts on children. The past has gone, but its traces are still present in Vietnam today. The images were taken during a U.S. military public relations event designed to assure the local media that the safety procedures in place for Operation Red Hat were sound. Lambert Campus From 1971-1982, Air Force reservists, who flew in 34 dioxin-contaminated aircraft used to spray Agent Orange and returned to the U.S. following discontinuation of the herbicide spraying operations in the Vietnam War, were exposed to greater levels of dioxin than previously acknowledged, according to a study published today in Environmental Research by senior author Jeanne Mager Stellman, PhD, Mailman School of Public Health professor emerita in the Department of Health Policy and Management. The most heavily exposed locations among them Dong Nai, Binh Phuoc, Thua Thien Hue and Kontum were sprayed multiple times. Forces sprayed over the rural landscape in Vietnam from 1961 to 1971 to defoliate trees and shrubs and kill food crops that were providing cover and food to opposition forces. Do you consider this an environmental justice success? Many areas of forest in Vietnam suffered from such great contamination that recovery has been impossible ever since - no trees ever managed to grow there again. According with the Aspen Institute "The half-life of dioxin depends on its location. US Agency for International Development (USAID) responded to requests from Vietnam in agreeing to send the, What Will Be Done To Alleviate Agent Orange Aftermaths In Vietnam, Summary of Agent Orange and the Aftermath of the Vietnam War, If youre interested in Vietnam History and planning a visit to our country, you might not want to miss out on this museum in your itinerary -, This Vietnam travel information page is written by a team of professional tour guides in Vietnam. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. I remember the sight and the smell of the spray, recalls Thomas Pilsch, who served as a forward air controller in South Vietnam in 1968 and 1969. Due to this, climatic conditions in lower levels got changed dramatically with decreased moisture levels and increased light intensity, causing massive killing of plants and animals. Meanwhile, the children of veterans and Vietnamese people exposed to the chemicals were born with serious birth defects and illnesses. American veterans have suffered, too. The class action case was dismissed in 2005 by a district court in Brooklyn, New York. Herbicidal warfare had been a military dream since the 1940s, when Allied researchers began to brainstorm ways to use chemicals to scorch the earth. A French court is set to hear a landmark case against more than a dozen companies that supplied the US with the notorious chemical Agent Orange during the Vietnam War. Agent Orange is one of the six types of Rainbow Herbicides, a group of chemicals meant to kills plants, trees, and crops. Out of the 28 bases where Ranch Hand stored defoliants and loaded them onto airplanes, the main ones were Bien Hoa Air Base for operations in Mekong Delta (Bien Hoa, a populous city in southern Vietnam) and Da Nang Air Base for central coast and the Ho Chi Minh Trail regions (an important artery for Vietnamese military in the war). Agent Orange, its toxic defoliant cousin, has become well known in the US for its lethal effects on American troops who served in the war 1965-75 - and on their offspring. OUR SERVICEMEN are I need. Since 1945, the small Japanese island of Okinawa has been unwilling host to a massive U.S. military presence and a storehouse for a witches brew of dangerous munitions and chemicals, including nerve gas, mustard gas, and nuclear missiles. Additionally, exposure to Agent Orange may have long-lasting impacts on pregnancy, including miscarriages and abnormal fetal development. For each association between a specific health outcome and exposure to TCDD and other chemicals present in the herbicides used by the military in Vietnam, the study . Catholic Religious group, HIGH (widespread, mass mobilization, violence, arrests, etc), In REACTION to the implementation (during construction or operation), Development of a network/collective action. However, both Tokyo and Washington have refused these requests. Agent Orange has long been known as the toxic substance used with too much abandon and not enough care by the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War. Chapter 4 distinguishes Agent Orange from dioxin. Stay updated with the latest news of the COVID-19 situation in Vietnam and information for traveling to Vietnam. Agent Orange: Directed by Alan Adelson, Kate Taverna. Contaminated soils, permanent forest loss, soil erosion, and other environmental damage have haunted Vietnam for years. The former service members were angered last year when the U.S. government and Japans Ministry of Foreign Affairs suggested that the veterans accounts of herbicides on Okinawa were dubious. The U.S. program,. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. A veteran of the Vietnam War, he has been working on issues relating to Agent Orange exposure since 1989. Vietnams natural defenses were also debilitated. This is the chemical make up of 2-butoxyethanol and in this article I will refer to it as 2-B. -Up to now, babies in Vietnam are still being born with birth defects. We saved those poor s.vietnamese fromTyranny. Its primary purpose was strategic deforestation, destroying the forest cover and food resources necessary for the implementation and sustainability of the North Vietnamese style of guerilla warfare. The chemicals were sprayed from aircraft contaminating soil, water, air. Government of United States, US Army, Government of Vietnam. Nowadays, the dioxin has remain in Vietnams ecosystem, in the soil and in the food chain. Besides the obvious purpose of clearing the jungle cover of Vietnamese troops and disabling food production as mentioned above, the intoxication of land also assisted in the American political aim of uprooting over two million refugees from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, forcing them to flee to other countries. The U.S. had a rainbow of chemicals at their disposal. . People who come into contact with Agent Orange, depending on the length, intensity, and timing of their exposure, may suffer from skin diseases or congenital deformations. Moreover, TCDD in natural environments can last for many years. As one of a group of chemicals referred to as the rainbow herbicides, Agent Orange served as the most well-known defoliant used in the Vietnam War. Make a one-time contribution to Alternet All Access, But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! What are symptoms of being exposed to Agent Orange? Rainforests in Vietnam destroyed by Rainbow herbicides. Now it would appear those denials are losing currency. Albeit technically a herbicide, trees are not its only victim. Corrections? During the 10-year campaign, U.S. aircraft targeted 4.5 million acres across 30 different provinces in the area below the 17th parallel and in the Mekong Delta, destroying inland hardwood forests and coastal mangrove swamps as they sprayed. On August 10, 2023 - Agent Orange Awareness Day - we will bring light to the continuing dark toll of the war. However, the U.S. government is only known to have paid compensation to three of these veterans, including a former soldier who was poisoned while handling thousands of barrels of Agent Orange at Naha Port between 1965 and 1967. However, there is one weapon the Pentagon has always denied that it kept on Okinawa: Agent Orange. All levels of Government Agencies claimed to be ignorant of the cost in human death and misery that would result . The destruction of Vietnamese forests, however, has proven irreversible. Agent Orange, mixture of herbicides that U.S. military forces sprayed in Vietnam from 1962 to 1971 during the Vietnam War for the dual purpose of defoliating forest areas that might conceal Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces and destroying crops that might feed the enemy. I'm a Disabled American Veterans Chapter Service Officer assisting a former Merchant Marine Seaman that was on several tours to Vietnam duding the war, his ships entered the inland waters and unloaded supplies and munitions in the . As a result of herbicide spraying, watershed forests of over 28 major rivers suffered serious damage, according to, Vietnam Environment Administration Magazine, After just one spray mission, over 10 to 20% of the forest canopy (taking up 40% to 60% of forest biomass) went dead (cited from, What Have Been Done To Alleviate Agent Orange Aftermaths In Vietnam, Supports from the Vietnamese and US Governments, The largest organization for dioxin victims in Vietnam is the, Vietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin (VAVA), Over the past decade, Vietnam and the U.S. governments have discussed and put into practice with remarkable success several short-term, and long-term operation plans to address the legacy of dioxin in Vietnam.

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